Hunting and dave Essay Example for Free

Hunting and dave Essay Kutchers Sporting Camp was built in 2009, In Sebec Maine. Dave Kutcher, and his father took hunting trips to Maine traditionally for several years. David , and his father decided they liked it so much that they wanted to build there own hunting camp. Thus, the founding of Kutchers Hunting Camp. The hunting camp provide a guided hunt for each seasonal hunting. This includes: Bear, dear, Duck, Moose, and muzzle loading. The camp ground has 400 acres of private land to hunt on, and 300 accessible acres. There are five cabins. Each cabin could sleep eight people; equipped with it’s own bathroom, and kitchen. Each meal was provided by the staff in the dining area. Breakfast was served at 4:00am, lunch at 11:00am, and dinner or â€Å"supper† at 6:00 pm. Kutchers Sporting Camp’s, was designed in a way to ensure that each person had a comfortable and enjoyable stay. Dave Kutcher ran into some trust issues with his original manager. When the hunting season was over, he went back to his home in New Hampshire. He left the responsibilities of his place into the hand of the wrong person. When he returned he found sixty pot plants growing a mile into his hunting grounds. The building also needed several repairs, from parties that were thrown there. Devastated , and enraged he fired his manager. I was bartending at Wildwoods, when I met Dave and his wife Lorraine. Completely oblivious to whom they were, I treated them with kindness and respect, as I would any costumer. I brought them everything they needed , and engaged in friendly conversation. Wildwoods was packed that night. Chatter, music and just all together noise filled the air. I have , and always had a strong work ethic; So it was normal to me, to pick up the slack on a busy night. Even though I was assigned to just bartend, I was taking out food, taking orders, bussing tables, and cooking. With all this going on, I would still manage to be attentive to my costumers at the bar. When things slowed down, I brought Dave and his wife Lorraine their bill. Lorraine looked up at me as if she was watching a really interesting YouTube video, then she said â€Å"holy cow women, I get tired watching you work†. Then Dave added â€Å"where do you get your work ethic? † feeling comfortable enough with them, after a few hours of serving them drinks, and exchanging jokes, I playfully responded â€Å" oh you know, I do lots of coke†. They instantly laughed then Dave said â€Å"would you like to work for me? † â€Å"Doing what? † , I asked. Then Dave began to tell me -in detail- about his business and the disaster with his pervious manager. what he was looking for in a worker, and the position. When Dave was done explaining, I responded by saying , â€Å"I don’t know, I’ve never held a position with that many responsibilities before†. when I was done explaining all the reasons why I was not fit for the job, Dave smiled and said â€Å"trust me you could handle yourself just fine. † â€Å"plus you’ll make about 1,300 a week† â€Å"were talking green. † He added. Still hesitant, but intrigued greatly by the comment on my weekly earnings there I said â€Å"maybe , that’s sound like a great opportunity , but I just wouldn’t want to mess up. † Lorraine cut in by saying â€Å"why don’t you come by the lodge and just watch for a day, see if you like it then let us know†. We exchanged numbers, and they gave me directions to the lodge. I got back to work, and on they’re way out they shouted to me at the bar, and said† we better see you tomorrow and bring some of that coke, you’ll need it. â€Å" I laughed and told them to have a good night. The next day I got in my car, and drove over Sebec. Sebec is about thirty minutes form where I lived. When I got to Kutchers’, Dave and Lorraine were out side surrounded by about ten or fifteen hunters in bright orange and camouflage outfits. Each of the hunters were equipped with their own riffle. To me looked like a tiny militia gearing up for battle with nature. As I got out of my car, Lorraine separated herself from the group and came up to me and said, â€Å" hey girlie, were glad you came, trust me you’ll do just fine here. † She then yelled to Dave and told him she would be taking me inside for a â€Å"briefing†. She lead me up the stairs to the lodge ,and all I can remember thinking was†¦ wow, if MTV did a north words expose’, this place would be featured. Everything in the lodge was beautiful. Cherry wood finishing all around , all the light fixtures were in different variety’s of antlers. , several genuine leather black seats –which would eventually be know as the fancy chairs- were carefully placed in a square formation, in the foyer. The smell of fire wood and pine filled the air. Lorraine and I made our way to the foyer by the fire. This must be what the other side  looks like. Lorraine Informed me that Dave would be joining us shortly. He had to take the hunters to there quadrants- designated hunting ground- for their afternoon hunt. Lorraine then began to tell me the specifics of my job, or â€Å"jobs† to be correct. I would be in charge of : setting up the cabin rotation chart, incoming client’s , out going client’s, meal coordination, cleaning, inventory, answering phones, payroll for my assistant, hiring an assistant, cooking, costumers needs, and â€Å"most importantly keeping Dave on track† Lorraine added with a laugh. Lorraine was the stand in manager for the time being , but she had to leave to go back to New Hampshire . Dave is as ex-military man, however, he maintained a business savvy facade. He was a very intellectually gifted man, but not self sufficient by any means. His wife Loraine’s’ main concern was leaving him alone. Dave could not cook, clean, or organize well what-so-ever. My boss Dave Kutcher was defiantly my definition of a â€Å"classical male†. He believe women belonged in the kitchen and Men belonged at work. So he could never find these duties â€Å"fitting† for a male. After casual conversation I found myself committing to the job. When Lorraine left everything was up to me, and my assistant. I hired my best friend- Alyssa Gray- to work with me there. Working at Kutcher’s involved staying at the lodge at all times. Literally, I had to live in the staff room. It was a 24/7 job. I woke up at four every morning and worked myself to the last minute of the day. At first everything seemed like a jumble. I had a very long list of things to do each day, and there never seemed to be enough time. My days consisted of the following: Have breakfast cooked and set on table by 4:30 am. Clean up breakfast, check with Dave on the coordinates of each hunter, recorded each hunters locations on the board , re charge dead hand-held communication devices lodge detail-vacuum, dust mop, windows, bathrooms, laundry. Clean: Dave’s room , staff room, kitchen walk way, man cave. check inventory, go shopping for groceries , at 11:00 am cook lunch/clean lunch. cabin rotation- Clean cabin, and restock them. Cook dinner/clean dinner. Briefing with dave, Sleep then wake up and do it again. It was a long three months, but I managed. At one point it became second nature and I was ahead of my own game. I never thought I had the organization skills, or the professionalism to run a place like Kutchers Sporting Camps. This place taught me so much about myself, that I never knew. I have never exposed to this type of demand In a work place. If I never experienced Kutchers’ sporting camp, I would never know just how efficient I can be. This was the culture experience of a life time. Not only did I get to learn management skills or what people did when they hunted, I got to learn how to adapt to what a situation demands. Being able to adapt to what a situation demands a skill that I believe will be useful in many different aspects of my life.

Two Object Oriented Methodologies Booch And Rambaugh Information Technology Essay

Two Object Oriented Methodologies Booch And Rambaugh Information Technology Essay In this paper Object-oriented System development methodologies i-e Booch, Rambaugh, are reviewed and compared with each other with a focus on their development processes. We have developed a framework based on a set of criteria to compare the two methods. The aim of this comparison is to better understand the core philosophies and processes of each method, and internal activities that each method provides. The aim of this descriptions and comparisons are not to criticize the philosophies of theses methodologies, but to give a description of the two methodologies that will facilitate the readers to better understand each methodology, and to what extent the two methodologies are object oriented. And also this comparison provides an ease in selecting and evaluating each methodologys process. (doc1)The software engineering field has been evolving over the past thirty years, but it has never completely solved the software crisis. Software development methodologies, as an essential element of the discipline of software engineering, have also evolved from the shallow and informal methodologies of the late 1960s to the object-oriented methodologies of the 1990s and the new millennium (doc1). There is a rapid development in the object oriented paradigm during the past years and the important reasons for such rapidness are that the real world applications are modeled in a better way as well as the object oriented paradigm enables the reusability of different artifacts during the development of a software system. Object oriented system development approach facilitates the re-use of software components. A system developed with Object Oriented Methodology (OOM) on component basis can re-use the existing components effectively, and as well as its components can be shared by some other systems too. One can achieve higher productivity, better quality and low maintenance cost by adopting the OOM. Since, the object-oriented methodologies (OOM) are still growing and continue to evolve, and there are a number of popular OOMs circulating around, but none of them is widely accepted. The software community is yet not agreed upon several fundamental issues. (1) A methodology is a systematic collection of techniques guidelines for how to build, buy, maintain and/or enhance software products. A methodology provides a basis for communication, a toolkit of techniques and a basis for repeatable, reliable software engineering. The term, method, refers to an approach to activities generally adhering to common principles [14]. Object-oriented software development methodologies, starts from the appearance of hybrid methodologies, then move to seminal methodologies, and the development of integrated (third-generation/heavyweight) methodologies and their agile (lightweight) counterparts. The following are the categories of Object oriented methodologies [15]: Seminal: Shlaer-Mellor, Coad-Yourdon, RDD, Booch, OMT, OSA, OOSE, BON,Hodge-Mock, Syntropy, Fusion; Integrated: OPM, Catalysis, OPEN, RUP/USDP, EUP, FOOM; Agile: DSDM, Scrum, XP, ASD, dX, Crystal, FDD; Although the promises, that the object-oriented software development provides, are based on solid grounds but still there is a confusion among the organization on when and how to invest in this new technology and also whether to invest or not. One of the reason for such confusion is that a great number of methodologies have been evolved during the last years. The other reason for confusion is closely related to the attractiveness of object-oriented software: Many vendors sticks the label object-oriented to their products without delivering important features as King (1989, p. 24) states: If I were trying to sell (my cat) I would argue that he is object-oriented. Research Problem The research question we are going to answer is: To what extent the two Object Oriented Methodologies: Booch and Rambaugh methodologies are Object Oriented and to what extent the methodologies help the software development organizations?. The selection cretaria for the the above two OOM is mentioned in the section 1.4.2. Since the object oriented paradigm evolved in different areas of the software development simultaneously, therefore fundamental concepts were different in different methodologies and were not completely standardized. Each OOM developed in a particular software domain such as real time systems and Information systems, although some cross-over exists in some concepts among the methodologies. Therefore, some methodologies are best in the development of applications that belong to the domain for which the methodology is evolved, while other can be used more generally. Even though OOM that evolved in the same domain may differ enough in different concepts such as process and notation and as a result can effect the software engineering goals. Motivation In the recent years, an overwhelming popularity of object oriented analysis and design has been witnessed. This phenomenon is evidenced by the number of papers and articles that are published in various conference proceedings, journals, books, and other forms. But There are still a large part of the business world that uses traditional software development approach for applications development. And on the technology side, there is an extensive development in the area of Object-Oriented technologies that promises better quality and productivity through reusability, and also encourages team work. The following observation is made in a survey [] about the organizations that uses OOM, performed by Sumit: A recent survey of IS managers revealed that 39% of organizations have adopted OO technology in some form. Nonetheless, OO development methodologies are used in only 5% of IS projects are developed in OO methodologies (Glass, 1999). For a specific application the first task is to decide which methodology is most appropriate for its development. Sometimes we may have to adapt different methodologies. Therefore an organization, that wants to switch to object oriented technology, faces one important question: which OOM is appropriate and should be chosen? A systematic comparison of available OOMs can answer such a question in a better way before selecting one of them. There are number of papers and articles that compare different aspects of the OOMs such as the reusability, documentation and others. So there is a need for the comparison which considers their system development core philosophy including all the concepts that methodologies provide in their development process. Unfortunately, the comparison of these methodologies is complicated because each OOM has its own set of definitions of the techniques, concepts, notations and are composed of informal descriptions, therefore the comparison of the methodologies depends largely on the interpretations and perceptions of the person who performs the comparison[10]. Such a comparison facilitate the organization that are developing software with traditional approach and now these organizations want to switch from the traditional software development approach to object oriented approach.. We also want to improve the understanding of these methodologies through this comparison, and to provide an ease in selecting, and evaluating the methodologies. The other purpose is to provide knowledge to the individuals that are interested to get the knowledge about object-oriented concepts, to what extent the two methods are object oriented, and how they relate to one another. Such interest in some cases is academic (e.g., students). Similarly individuals in companies or organizations want to evaluate and select a methodology to be used in software development process. We believe that sometime these groups are given short time and resources to make this decision, therefore comparisons like this will provide a shortcut means of selection. Research Methodology and comparison issues First we will review the existing software development methodologies (seminal methodology) that are object-oriented. We will study their system development processes to get a knowledge base about the object oriented technology. The purpose of this study is to understand their system development processes and internal activities involved in these development processes. Then we will review the two methods using a process-centered template, where we will summarize the two methodologies, and the activities and techniques discuss in the two methodologies will be highlighted. In the second step we will evaluate and compare Booch and Rumbaugh Object Oriented. We will use books, journals, proceedings, and internet sources as the data sources about the object oriented methodologies and ongoing research to gain the knowledge base. This report compares the two object oriented methodologies: Booch method and Rambaugh method, by considering their system development core philosophy. A research has been done in Hewlett Packard Laboratories by Arnold and his colleagues [1], in which several comparing criteria are defined in the form of questions for comparing Object oriented Methodologies. These comparing criteria are based on the concepts, notations, process, and pragmatics of the OOM methodology. Influenced by the above research, this report presents a framework to compare the two selected methodologies using the same set of criteria form the above research. The framework uses these set of comparing criteria for comparing the concepts, notations, process, and pragmatics of the two selected methodology which are defined in the section 1.5.1 under the heading of comparison variables. Using such framework helps us to avoid misunderstanding and misinterpretation of the two methods during the comparison process. Based on this framework, the two methods are extensively compared. The results are presented in a set of tables. Since the results are in tabular form so the similarities and differences as well as the strengths and weaknesses of the two methods can easily be seen. Comparison Variables As mentioned above, this report uses four main categories of the two methodologies in the comparison which are defined as follows: Concepts: Concepts are related to the conceptual underpinnings of the methodology that makes it object-oriented, and explians how the concepts such as object, class, state, inheritance, aggregation, and information hiding are defined and dealt by the methodology? Process: The methodology describes what steps to be taken and in what order to accomplish certain task in develoment process. How well the methodology specifies the process varies largly from methodology to methodology. Notation: The methodology describes tecniques (textual, and /or graphical) to capture and represent information within the development process. Some methodologies describe graphical techniques only, while others specify the form and content of whole documents. Pragmatics: The pragmatic criteria concentrate on nontechnical features. Pragmatics covers issues like needed resources, language suitability, learning of the CASE tools, required expertise, and domain applicability.(8) Comparison variables are listed in Table 1 under each category. The selection criterion for these variables is objectiveness. The aim of this report is to do the objective comparison of methodologies. That is, hard facts are produced by these variables about a methodology showing that a methodology either supports or does not support these variables. This selection criterion has one limitation. That is, no fine grained information regarding a variable is provided in this report for the comparison. Typically, the degree to which a methodology supports a variable is not answered in this comparison. In order to alleviate this shortfall for some variables, the report distinguishes explicit methodology support from implicit methodology support in the comparison and provide fine grained information if appropriate. The definitions of these variables in Table I are delayed until Section 3 when the selected OOADMs are compared. Table 1: Comparison variables Category Variables Concepts Class/Object, Abstract Classes, Meta-Classes, Encapsulation, Inheritance, Association, Aggregation, Methods/Messages, Type of Communications between objects and classes, Concurrency Process Development Process Deliverables, Development Context, Aspects of the Development Life-Cycle, Partitioning Mechanism, The Life-Cycle of the Methodologies Notations Static Concepts, Dynamic Concepts, Explicit Rules for Notations Symbols Pragmatics System Size, Programming Languages Support Selection of OOMs As mentioned above that this report compare the following two OOM for comparison. Object-Oriented Modeling and Techniques by J. Rumbaugh, et al. [Rumbaugh 91] Object-Oriented Analysis and Design by G. Booch [Booch 94] The selection of OOMs is based on three criteria. First the Object Oriented Methodologies (OOM) must be published in text book form so that adequate information is available for our comparison; which narrowed down our selection to those OOMs that are available in the text book form. Second the OOMs should be well-known and must be accepted by the software development community as real object-oriented methodologies. Third the methodologies must be supportred by CASE tools. The two OOM, selected in this report for camparison, fulfill and satisfy the three criteria [1, 10]. Both Booch, and Rumbaugh, which are the most widely used OOM, have evolved either from the real time domain or information processing domain and also are used in general. The two methodologies has gained significant attention so far in the software development community and are well documented at the same time. These criteria might exclude some well-known OOMs or recent developments in the OOM, but sufficiency, maturity and general acceptance of methodologies are the primary requirements for software development practice. Literature review Limitation This paper evaluates the aforementioned methods by scoring them against a set of criteria. It is not the goal of the paper to answer the question which one is the best? But rather to show the differences between methods and to allow conclusions be drawn as to their applicability. Remaining of report is divided into four sections. Section 2 provides a brief introduction of the two methodologies. Section 3 contains the comparison of the two methodologies. Section 4 presents the conclusion for the comparison of the two OOMs. Finally, section 5 contains the references to the literature used for this research. Brief introduction Of the Booch And Rambaugh (OMT) Methods Booch (1991, 1994) Booch introduced object oriented methodology in his book published in 1991. He was the first one to give the idea of the object-oriented approach in software development process, which he called system design [2][3]. He was popular at that for his landmark paper [Booch 1986] and for the work on Ada program design. He then introduced the analysis methodology to his design and extended his design model as a repeating process which he called The Micro Process) within a development process which is referred as The Macro Process. The macro process is shown in the figure 1 below as prescribed by Booch which is a self-iterative process Figure 1- The Macro Process -Booch [1994] These two processes are discussed in the next sections. The Macro Process The macro process consists of the following steps [2] [3] [4]. 1. Establish core requirements for software (conceptualization). 2. Develop a model of the systems desired behavior (analysis). 3. Create architecture for the implementation (design). 4. Evolve the implementation through successive refinements (evolution). 5. Post-delivery evolution management (maintenance). The Micro Process The micro process consists of the following activities as shown in figure 2 below [2] [3] [4]: The classes and objects are identified at a given abstraction level. Figure 2-The Micro Process Booch [1994] 2. Previously identified classes and objects meanings are established by defining the Semantics for every class and object, as well as the behavior of the system and its components are determined. 3. The interface of classes and objects as well as their implementation are specified. Decisions about the representation of the classes and objects are made in design model. Rambaugh OMT (1991) Rumbaugh introduced Object Modeling Technique (OMT) in 1991.OMT consists of following three major models and then it defines a method for integrating them [11] [12]. 1. The Object Model 2. The Dynamic Model 3. The Functional Model The object model In this model, Objects static structure and relationships among these objects are determined within a system. The following are the main concepts used in this model: object class operation attribute association aggregation Inheritance Dynamic model This model gives a description about the dynamics of the objects and their changes in states. This model shows the essential characteristics that change over time in a system by observing the objects behavior over time, and by exploring control and events flow among the objects. The control aspects of a system are specified and implemented in this model. The following are the main concepts in this model: state sub/super state event activity action Functional model This model shows information about the data flow within a system and the outside world. The following are then main concepts of this model: process data flow data store actor (source/sink) control flow OMT consists of five phases. 1. Analysis 2. System Design 3. Object Design 4. Implementation (coding) 5. Testing OMT processes considers the primary features in the first three phases of development (i-e Analysis, System Design and Object Design) and are explained in following sections. The following figure 3 shows these processes. Figure 3.-The OMT process- Derr [1995]. 1. Analysis this phase goal is to build a comprehensible and correct model according to the real world situation. The initial problem statement is developed from the requirements of the users and information that are provided by developers and managers. The analysis phase produces the following deliverables [11] [12]: Problem Statement Object Model, which consists of Object Model Diagram and data dictionary Dynamic Model, which consists of State Diagrams and Global Event Flow Diagram Functional Model, which consists of Data Flow Diagram and constraints 2. System design on the bases of architectural design of the system and problem domain, the system is partitioned into subsystems. The following are the system design phase deliverables: System Design Document: consists of architectural design of the system and high-level strategic decisions for implementing data stores in the form of data structures, files, and databases. 3. Object design based on the analysis model, the goal of this phase to provide Implementation details that include the domain infrastructure classes along with the internal objects needed for implementation. The following are the object design phase deliverables: Detailed Object Model Detailed Dynamic Model Detailed Functional Model 4. Implementation in this phase the system that is designed so far is translated into programming language code and hardware. 5. Test The entire System that is developed is verified in this phase. Testing includes system level and scenario based tests. Comparison Of Booch and Rambaugh methods The framework used in this paper is considering the following major areas of each methodology for comparison: Concepts Process Notations Pragmatics 3.1 Concepts A method to be consider as object oriented, it should support concepts that are related to the object oriented methologies. This comparison provides help in evaluating the method to the extent it is is object oriented. Therefore , in this paper we are comparing object oriented concepts of the two methodologies, Booch and Rambaugh, in the following categories. Concepts, such as Class, Object, etc. The relationships such as Inheritance and Aggregation Types of communications between objects and classes. Concurrency mechanisms Object is the fundamental concept of every object-oriented method, that must be supported by the method. An object encapsulates its internal state (or attributes) and provides a set of operations (methods/messeges) as an interface for manipulating the state. Whereas a class is a template which describes the attributes and interface of a set of objects. Object instances are produced by defining class variables.[5] Table 1 lists comparison of the object oreinted concepts that both methodology provides. A Y in the box for each concept represents that an artifact is provided by the coresponding methodology. Table 1. Object Oriented concepts Method Rumbaugh Booch classes/objects Y Y abstract classes Y Y meta-classes Y Y Encapsulation Y Y single inheritance Y Y multiple inheritance Y Y Aggregation Y Y Association Y Y methods/messages Y Y Total 9 9 Real world is concurrent, so object oriented methods often uses concurrent objects in the analysis phase to model it. Objects remain in passive mode, until an operation is invoked by another object to bring them in active mode. If there are more than one thread of control associated with active object, then it is called internally concurrent object. Therefore object oriented methods should support ways to access the shared data in concurrent systems.[5] Table 2. Concurrency Method Passive Active internally concurrent Rumbaugh Y Y Y Booch Y Y Communiication provides information flow and synchronization between objects that are involved in the communication. In Synchronous communication the sender object send a messege to the reciever object and suspend execution until it receives an aknowlegment message from the reciever, whereas in asynchronous communication the sender does not wait for the aknowlegment and continues its execution. Sequential systems uses procedural call whereas concurrent object systems uses remote procedure Call for communication. Table 3. Communication Method Synchronous Asynchronous Procedural Remote procedure Rumbaugh Y Y Y Booch Y Y Y Process 3.2.1. Deliverables that are produced during the Development Process: A number of different types of deliverables are generated during the development process of a system. These include a number of specifications likely requirements, analysis, design, subsystem, and test cases. Particularly, in object-oriented development process, object and classes specifications are very important. Following criteria is used to find out the deliverables that each methodology generates during the development process: 0 shows no deliverable is generated. 1 shows deliverable is generated, but details are not provided. 2 shows deliverable is generated and also well defined. 3 shows deliverable is generated, a definition is provided, and an example is given. 4 shows deliverable is generated, a definition is provided, and an example is given, and a definition for the process is provided. 5 shows deliverable is generated, a definition is supplied, an example is given, a definition for the process is provided, and heuristics are provided. The following table 4 represents the results of this evaluation: Table 4: Development process deliverables Method Rumbaugh Booch Requirement Specification 2 1 Design Specification 2 2 Test Cases 0 0 Object/Class Specification 5 1 Subsystem Specification 0 1 Totals 9 5 3.2.2. Development Contexts A set of constraints occur during the development process which are established by development context. The following criteria are used to evaluate that whether each methodology explicitly discusses the constraints that are established by the development context, or not within the method. A Y in the With Prototyping column shows that prototyping is discussed explicitly in the methodology. A Y in the As Prototyping indicates that prototypes iteratively deliver the system and methodology produces prototypes into production. A Y in the With Reuse shows that the methodology explicitly incorporate the reuse products into the method The For Reuse indicates whether the methodology delivers reusable products for other processes or not. Table 5: Development Context Method Rumbaugh Booch With Prototype Y As Prototype With Reuse Y Y For Reuse Partial Y Aspects of the Development Life-Cycle The whole development life cycle of a methodology gives us a suggestion about the completeness and consistency of the methodology. If a methodology covers all aspects of the development lifecycle during the development process then it ensures the completeness and the consistency of the methodology and it is useful to the organization as a complete and consistent methodology. Therefore, complete life cycle coverage is very important to a life cycle with a limited coverage. Following table 6 values shows these aspects: 0 shows this feature is not covered. 1 shows this feature is covered, but with no details. 2 show this feature is covered with definition. 3 shows this feature is covered, a definition is given with an example (at least one). 4 shows this feature is covered, a definition is given with an example (at least one) and with defined process. 5 shows this feature is covered, a definition is given with an example (at least one) and with defined process, and heuristics are provided. Table 6: Development process life cycle coverage Method Rumbaugh Booch Domain Analysis 0 4 Requirement Analysis 5 2 Enterprise Modeling 0 0 Design 5 5 Implement 3 4 Test 2 0 Total 15 15 In software engineering Extensibility of the system design is a systematic measure of the ability to last or continue. A level of efforts is required to extend a system in range or scope. Table 7: Extensibility Method Completeness Consistency Extensibility Rumbaugh Y Y Y Booch N N N Table 8: Process properties Method Well-defined steps(process) Pure or hybrid Traceable across lifecycle Rumbaugh Y H Y Booch Partial P Partitioning Mechanism When system size increases, then at a particular time, the visibility of certain information about the objects of interest is very crucial and to limit this visibility a partitioning mechanism is required. Each methodology was studied carefully to seek such mechanisms it provides. So the information in the table below was the outcome. Table 9: Partition mechanism Method Partitioning Mechanism Rumbaugh Subsystems Booch Subsystems The Life-Cycle of the Methodologies The development life-cycle of each methodology was carefully reviewed so as to determine that whether the methodology follows a sequential (i-e Waterfall), iterative or recursive strategy because it is the crucial requirement for project planning. Otherwise it will yield unexpected results with high risk and would lead to total failure. The following table 10 shows that which methodology follows what strategy. Table 10: life cycle property Method Recursive Iterative Sequential Rumbaugh Y Booch Y 3.3 Notations 3.3.1. Static Concepts Each methodology was reviewed to determine that how each methodology represents the following concepts: Aggregation: what are the components an object is a composed of. Communication: How the classes or objects communicate with each other(i-e by sending message to one another) Specialization: An object is represented as a generalization, or specialization, of another class or object? Module Interfaces: The physical implementations of objects Qualifications for Reuse: How much each methodology encourages the reuse of different components of development process. These concepts within each methodology indicates that how the models are used. The table 11 below shows the notations for these concepts. Table 11: Static Concepts Method Rumbaugh Booch Aggregation Object Model Class Diagram Specialization Object Model Class Diagram Communication Scenario Class Diagram Module Interfaces Module Qualifications f

The Army Essay -- essays research papers fc

There are many job oppurtunitiesin the army. Anyone one can join and be anything he wants. In the army everyone has the chance to travel the world. The army has certain benefits and requirements. All of them will be explained. The army is the oldest of the armed services and is responsible for land operations. The army has to be prepared to use any action to overcome any enemy that threatens the U.S. and the nation's intrest. The army helps train the military forces of some friendly nations and supplies them with the equipment their nation needs. (Army) "While aspiring to be the most esteemed institution in the nation, we will remain the most respectedarmy in the world and most feared ground force to those who would threaten the intrest of the United States." (The United States) "The army has a non-negoitiable contract with the people of America to fight and win our nation's wars." (The United States) To enlist in the armyon active duty, a person must meet the followingmeet the following requirements: Anyone between the ages of 17-35, a U.S. citizen or registered alien, healthy, and in good physical condition. Another way would be to join the SROTC in college. A person joinning this program earns college credits and recives cash. Anyone can qualify for scholarships that add up to sixty thousand dollars. The requirements are the applicant must be in a particiapating college or university, between the ages of 17-34, and a U.S. citizen. If the applicant...

Social Classes of Industrial England in Charles Dickens Hard Times Ess

Social Classes of Industrial England in Charles Dickens' Hard Times In his novel, Hard Times, Charles Dickens used his characters to describe the caste system that had been shaped by industrial England. By looking at three main characters, Stephen Blackpool, Mr. Josiah Bounderby, and Mr. Thomas Gradgrind, one can see the different classes that were industrial England. Stephen Blackpool represented the most abundant and least represented caste in industrial England, the lower class (also called the hands) in Charles Dickens' novel. Stephen was an honest, hard-working man who came to much trouble in the novel, often because of his class. He came to Mr. Bounderby one day seeking a divorce from his alcoholic and runaway wife who did nothing but drink his earnings away. When he asked about if there were any laws that could separate them, Mr. Bounderby replied that there was but "it's not for you at all. It costs money. It costs a mint of money" (70). Later, Stephen was framed for the robbery of a bank, in part because of his class. Young Tom Gradgrind made it appear that Mr. Black...

Advantages and Disadvantages of Government Systems Essay

Around the world, each country has their own way of running things and their own government system. In this essay I will discuss the advantages and disadvantages of 3 government systems; unitary, confederate, and federal. Although some government systems might have similarities with the others, they are all very different and have different problems. A unitary state is sovereign and governed as a single unit where the central government is supreme and any administrative divisions only have the power that the central government allows them to have. One advantage of the unitary form of government is it’s a small government with less people so less tax dollars are used to pay government workers and more tax dollars go to the government. Another advantage is there is fewer conflicts between national and local governments. Some disadvantages of a unitary form of government are; there is slow government response because of being such a small government and having so little resources and people. Another is again related to the size of the government, since it’s so small, all the people work together on issues in the state being governed so it’s easy for them to lose track of smaller, local issues. A confederate government is a form of government where a union of free states creates a central government with limited power. The members of these states have supreme influence over all problems except those few that have been specifically delegated to the central government. An advantage of a confederate form of government is local governments are better suited to help citizens and government response is rather quick on a small scale. Another advantage is confederacies minimize the growth of a central government, which makes it much easier to focus on local issues, and the citizens needs. A disadvantage of a confederate government is the national government is weak and they often have trouble fighting wars or keeping a stable economy. Another disadvantage of this form of government is there is a lack of unity and common laws leading to misunderstandings and unrest. A federal government is a government in which powers and responsibilities are divided into national levels to address national and regional needs.  Power is shared by a strong central government and states that are given significant self-rule. An advantage of a federal government system is federal unity. Local governments handle their local problems and the national government handles national problems. Also, there are many opportunities for citizens to participate in decision making relating to government choices. Some disadvantages are citizens living in different parts of the country could be treated differently in the area of law enforcement pertaining to different laws punishments in different states and programs such as welfare where individuals could make more or less depending on certain expenses in their area. It is important that we have an equal understanding of our government policies and the way our government is run. We should know how much voice we have when it comes to government decisions and formations of laws and such. Know the differences in government systems so you’re not left out when it comes to certain matters.

Defining Capitalism and Command Economies

Defining Capitalism and Command Economies of Economics â€Å"Economics is the study of how wealth is created and distributed† which, includes â€Å"the products produced and sold by business† (Pride, Hughes, & Kapoor, 2011, p. 10). When studied, it is the science or the financial considerations of the buying, selling, and the production of goods and services that are consumed by our world and its people. There are two different perspectives when studying economics.Microeconomics and macroeconomics are different in that microeconomics is the study of the individual and business decisions that affect the economy, whereas macroeconomics is the study of national and global economy (Pride et al, 2011, p. 10). Together, micro and macroeconomics examine the decisions of individuals, businesses, the government, and society and how all of these people deal with making and distributing the money that is derived from the production of services and goods. These decisions combin ed with the prosperity of the nation, determine the economy.There are two different economic systems in today’s world. Capitalistic nations and those nations that are run under command economies are the two systems that can be found across the globe. The two systems differ in two major ways. First, they vary in the ownership of the factors of production. These factors are the land and natural resources, labor, capital, and entrepreneurship (Pride et al, 2011, pp. 10-11). Second, the way that particular nations system answers four questions listed by Pride, Hughes, and Kapoor (2011), determines a nation’s economy (p. 11).Those four questions listed are concerning what products, how the products, for whom the products are produced and who owns and controls the major factors of production as aforementioned. One major understanding on the impact a nation’s economic system has on all the economic activities of its citizens is when there is a consideration that a coun try’s system determines how the factors of production are used to meet the needs of the society it supports (Pride et al, 2011, p. 11). An eighteenth century Scottish economist, Adam Smith published a book in 1776, called Wealth of Nations.Smith argued that a â€Å"society’s interests are best served when the individuals within that society are allowed to pursue their own self-interest† (Pride et al, 2011, p. 11). Smith came up with a term called the â€Å"invisible hand† which describes how people work hard when they know they can benefit financially from the goods or services they can provide and as a result, these personal financial gains benefit others and that nation’s economy. Pride et al (2011), discusses how the success of people in the community and therefore the success of the nation, can be tied indirectly to the success of the individual small business owners (p. 1).Smith’s ideas promote individuals should have the ability to suc ceed and create wealth by owning property and resources. The government should not be involved in the market and should be limited to government duties owed to the nation. This system Smith describes, is known as laissez faire, declares the government should have no interference in the economy and solely provide defense against enemies, ensure internal order, and furnish public works and education (Pride et al, 2011, p. 2). Smith also believes in the concept of market economy, where the producers and buyers of good and services determine the amount produced and the selling price. As stated earlier, resources should be owned by individuals and they should be entitled to use and sell their goods as they choose, in addition to enjoying the benefits from ownership of these resources (Pride et al, 2011, p. 12). Very different from that of a capitalistic nation, is the economic system, called a command economy.Whereas capitalism suggests individuals own and operate the majority of busines ses that provide goods and services; the government decides what goods and services, how they are produced, for whom will they be available to, and who owns and controls those four major factors of production discussed earlier in command economies (Pride et al, 2011, p. 14). In essence, the government is the controlling and deciding entity of how the resources are used and produced and by whom they are controlled by.Today, most countries that fall within a command economy are considered to be a socialistic economy. Key industries such as transportation, communications, utilities, banking, and important industries that produce material such as steel are owned by the government (Pride et al, 2011, p. 14-15). Although small private businesses may be allowed to certain degrees, many citizens work in state-owned industries. Communism is another example of a command economy.This is a â€Å"classless society whose citizens together owned all economic resources† (Pride et al, 2011, p . 15). These citizens would then contribute to the economy as they could and would receive benefits that were needed back from the distributions by the government. Different than a socialist economy, workers do not have much of any choice when given a job, but those who had special skills or talents were often viewed as being compensated more than that of an average citizen.Often citizens of command economies go without the essential needs or the wants of society because the supply of good and services is determined by the government and not the consumers themselves. Today, many traditional countries that were though of socialist nations are transitioning to a free-market economy. According to Pride et al (2011), this is also considered a market economy where businesses and individuals decide what to produce and buy, and the market determines prices and quantities sold. Communism is fading out and these economies are now similar to what was considered socialist.Northern Korea and Cu ba are probably two countries that are the best examples of today’s communist economies whereas those that once were thought of communist countries are now considered socialist or even capitalist nations. The United States falls under what is considered a mixed economy, where there is both capitalism and socialism. Free market economies, which fall under capitalism, are those nations currently transitioning such as France, Sweden, and India (Pride et al, 2011, pp. 10-15).References Pride, W. M. , Hughes, R. J. , & Kapoor, J. R. (2011). Foundations of business (2nd ed. ). Mason, OH: South-Western.

Police Agencies Are Multifarious Organizations Comprised

Police agencies are multifarious organizations comprised of specialized departments, functions, and structures. Authority is a binding of hierarchical relation between citizens and administration. Over the past several years agencies have changed internally and externally. Consequently personnel must upgrade their knowledge, skills, and techniques. Bureaucratic organization is part of contemporary democracies that enrich our understanding of public administration. Adhering to the rules of the organization orders and respect are implemented among the agency. Bureaucratic Organization Public administration involves civil servants that implement a quantified course of action within the confines of a government administrative structure. Every†¦show more content†¦Titles are imperative especially among upper level ranks Post-Bureaucratic Organization Post-bureaucratic organization is the key process of responsibility and resources of decentralization of authority. In the higher level of an organization decentralization deals with assigning responsibilities to semi-independent units and reduces the role of the corporate core to a minimum. Instead of running like a single entity the organization is a federation of co-operating company. (Sable, 1991, p. 28) The concept of decentralization revolves around the concept of reversing the chain of command and allowing lower level employees to handle decision-making and resources. There are two major objectives of decentralization which are to respond more effectively to external and internal change, and cut overhead costs and raise productivity by reducing the number of staff. This concept once achieved can implement the necessity for breaking down hierarchies and assist in downsizing. Organizational institutional theory Within the institutional theory belief is that an organization molds to the environment surrounding it. An example of this is a police department that is located in a poor community. Officers that are employed at these agencies will have an inert belief of how internal and external individuals are to behave and react. Officers are expected to behave and have a specific type of attitude in and out of the department, as well as, the communityShow MoreRelatedContemporary Issues in Management Accounting211377 Words   |  846 Pagesreproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover and you must impose the same

What Constituted the Era of Good Feelings

The Era of Good Feelings was the name applied to the period in the United States corresponding with the term of President James Monroe, from 1817 to 1825. The phrase is believed to have been coined by a Boston newspaper shortly after Monroe took office. The basis for the phrase is that the United States, following the War of 1812, settled into a period of rule by one party, the Democratic-Republicans of Monroe (which had their roots in the Jeffersonian Republicans). And, following the problems of the administration of James Madison, which included economic problems, protests against the war, and the burning of the White House and Capitol by British troops, the Monroe years seemed relatively placid. And Monroes presidency represented stability as it was a continuation of the Virginia dynasty, as four of the first five presidents, Washington, Jefferson, Madison, and Monroe, had been Virginians. Yet in some ways, this period in history was misnamed. There were a number of tensions developing in the United States. For instance, a major crisis over slavery in America was averted by the passage of the Missouri Compromise (and that solution was, of course, only temporary). The very controversial election of 1824, which became known as The Corrupt Bargain, brought an end to this period, and ushered in the troubled presidency of John Quincy Adams. Slavery as an Emerging Issue The issue of slavery was not absent in the early years of the United States, of course. Yet it was also somewhat submerged. The importation of African slaves had been banned in the first decade of the 19th century, and some Americans expected that slavery itself would eventually die out. And in the North, slavery was being outlawed by the various states. However, thanks to various factors including the rise of the cotton industry, slavery in the South was not only not fading away, but it was also becoming more entrenched. And as the United States expanded and new states joined the Union, the balance in the national legislature between free states and slave states emerged as a critical issue. A problem arose when Missouri sought to enter the Union as a slave state. That would have given slave states a majority in the U.S. Senate. In early 1820, as the admission of Missouri was debated in the Capitol, it represented the first sustained debate about slavery in Congress. The problem of Missouris admission was eventually decided by the Missouri Compromise (and the admission of Missouri to the Union as a slave state at the same time Maine was admitted as a free state). The issue of slavery was not settled, of course. But the dispute over it, at least in the federal government, was delayed. Economic Problems Another major problem during the Monroe administration was the first great financial depression of the 19th century, the Panic of 1819. The crisis was prompted by a fall in cotton prices, and the problems spread throughout the American economy. The effects of the Panic of 1819 were most deeply felt in the South, which helped exacerbate sectional differences in the United States. Resentments about the economic hardship during the years 1819-1821 were a factor in the rise of Andrew Jacksons political career in the 1820s.